Crime – Test – urbansafetymonitor

The Focus

The crime set of indicators focus on crime, justice, experiences and perceptions of safety.

Crime Indicators

Crime Statistics

Integrated Security Responses

Perceptions of Justice & Safety

Justice

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Crime Statistics

Integrated Security Responses

Perceptions of Justice & Safety

Justice

Crime Statistics

Crime statistics are systematic, quantitative data about crime, typically gathered by the national police service and published annually.

Measures and Data sources

Crime statistics

Data Sources

Number of young people involved in delinquency
Number of case clarifications
Number of young people monitored by Justice/Judicial Youth Protection
Number of people monitored by the probation and integration service
Recidivism rate
Rate of dismissal without further action
Rate of alternative measures to prosecution
Rate of dismissal without further action
Number of attacks on property and people (police statistics)
Hospitals
Mortuary
Mediaterus
Schools
House of Justice

Homicide

Abuse and Neglect

Data Sources

Children
Elderly people
People with disabilities

Assault

Data Sources

Local/ national police officers reports
Local audits analysis

Robbery

Data Sources

Local/ national police officers reports
Local audits analysis

Theft

Data Sources

Local/ national police officers reports
Local audits analysis

Civic unrest

Data Sources

Local newspapers and other magazines and articles
Social media analytics reports of campaigns and calls to civic unrests

Violence in schools

Bullying
Corporal punishment
Abuse
Weapons
Sexual harassment
Assault

Data Sources

Reports of school violence
School violence prevention programmes

Human trafficking

Data Sources

Human trafficking indicator reports
Local/ national police officers reports
Local audits analysis

Hate crimes

Data Sources

Race
Religion
Sexual orientation
Gender
Nationality

Kidnapping

Data Sources

National Crime Agency reports
Campaigns to introduce websites ( missing people)
Research reports “bringing new data and a wealth of understanding to the issue of child abduction”

Torture

Data Sources

OMCT reports (or other INGOs) or local and national police data

Crimes against journalists

Data Sources

INGOs reports (Reporters without borders, Amnesty or others)

Incidence of crime on public transit

Data Sources

Local/ national police officers reports
Local audits analysis

Victimisation rate

Data Sources

Crime incidence

Weapons

Data Sources

UN registry of arms

Tools and Resources

Good proxi indicators to measure crime and violence.

Numbers have high impact on trust and stability in neighbourhoods and communities.

Assault, robbery and theft have strong impact on feelings of insecurity.

In Germany, homicide, GBV, assault, robbery and unrest are not measured on a local level. Local audits focus on individual victimisation.

Czech Crime

APPs: Application mobile "Safetipin" Emergency line- 3919.

Other sources: “Knowledge-based and user-centred investigation system for data analysis (ANITA EU project) This set of innovative tools aims to boost Law Enforcement Agencies’ (LEAs) investigation processes and to significantly increase their operational capabilities by efficiently addressing online illegal trafficking challenges.”

Training of students in secondary school, implementation of practical cases, to raise awareness and alert them to human trafficking, how to recognize it and even add indicators following interviews with victims. (UNODC).

Fiche d’information sur les indicateurs de la traite des êtres humains.

Anti-Kidnap and Extortion Unit (AKEU)

Action Against Abduction

Hollie Guard: Personal Safety App

Medical Certificate/ Psychological Assessment (Convention de Genève/ Protocole D'Istambul/ CEDH)

Group Violence Initiative-strategy developed over 20 years ago by the United States’ National Network for safe communities to reduce homicide and gun violence, minimise harm to communities by replacing enforcement with deterrence and foster stronger relationships between law enforcement and the communities they serve.

Crime Statistics Portal: Czech Republic

Analysing crime statistics from a safety perspective

Crime Statistics Wizard: Institute for Security Studies

Global Data and Analysis on Homicide

Neighbourhood Watch Crime Map

Femicide Data and Analysis

Finding good data on violence against women and children

National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System

Tracking Child Abuse Cases

Hate Crime Mapping in the US

Hate Crime Data Portal

Online Hate Map

Mapping online hate speech & violent extremism

The Role of Observatories in Monitoring and Responding to Transnational Organised Crime in Africa

Norms and Standards on the Evaluation of Crime Obvservatories

National Crime Observatory Homicide

Global Organised Crime Index

Innovative online tool to strengthen human trafficking prevention and response

Data and Analysis on Smuggling of Migrants

Global Data and Analysis on Firearms Trafficking

Global Data and Analysis on Drugs and Drug Trafficking

Medical Certificate/ Psychological Assessment (Convention de Genève/ Protocole D'Istambul/ CEDH)

Integrated security responses

Comprehensive and coordinated crime and violence response and law enforcement systems including human and other resources, technology and communication to deliver unified and effective responses.

Measures and Data sources

Law enforcement

Performance measurement
Transparency and good governance
Knowledge systems
Training in human rights
Respecting and enforcing human rights
Trusted by communities
Responses to potential offenders
Anti-corruption measures
Respect for the rule of law
Reduced corruption
Partnerships with civil society
Specialised sexual offences units
Specialised children’s units
Sufficient human capacity

Data Sources

HR reports, guidelines or surveys at the interior ministries or local policies
Complaints against the police
Arbitrary detention
Mistreatment / violence by law enforcement
Sentences for GBV offences
Family violence sentences

Referrals

Marginalised and vulnerable groups
Mental wellness / victim support
Social support for victims
Interventions for potential offenders

Data Sources

Reports including number of people followed by social services (CAF type, CCAS for France)
Individualised monitoring reports of first-time offenders

Transversal management approaches

Integrated planning
Collaborative budgeting
Inclusive partnership interventions

Data Sources

City surveys
Guidelines for safety lens on enforcement
Transversal safety skills capacity building
Monitoring frameworks

Tools and Resources

Measurement of how CCTVs are implemented and what impact they make on safety.

Data of NGOs like amnesty etc. and public surveys are probably the most reliable sources even in Germany.

Transparency and accountability are important but there is no local level data in Mechelen.

QUALIPREV- Crime prevention evaluation: Crime prevention evaluation tool to quickly and easily evaluate the quality of crime prevention projects, based on key criteria.

IMPACT Europe Evaluation Guide: Online platform which provides comprehensive information and interactive modules to design and conduct an evaluation of prevention initiatives and activities in the field of CVE/PVE.

Observatory on organised crime and the promotion of a culture of legality Emilia Romagna Region, Italy: studies criminal infiltration in the local social and economic fabric, raises awareness and disseminates its findings.

Crime Prevention Assessment Tool

Urban Security Research Overview

Policing and Community Safety Research hub

Tools and Publications on Police Reform

Evaluating Security and Justice

Research hub: African Police Civilian Oversight Forum

Perceptions of justice and safety

The qualitative and subjective perceptions and experiences of community members of safety, justice and the criminal justice system.

Measures and Data sources

Trust in criminal justice system

Data Sources

Reports including number and statistics of people who benefit of legal aid

Use of services

Data Sources

Reports including number and statistics of people received at legal access points, in justice centres, in legal offices, etc.

Use of technology

Data Sources

Video protection cameras in service
Human resources reports with numbers of officers to watch the cameras

Fear (disaggregated)

Data Sources

Surveys reports of measurement of feeling of insecurity
Surveys reports of measurement of the bond of trust between public services and citizens (town hall, police, justice)
Surveys reports of measurement of solidarity between residents

Perceptions of vulnerability

Disaggregated:

Children
Gender
Refugees
Migrants
Displaced persons
Undocumented persons
Homeless
Substance users
Sex workers

Data Sources

Satisfaction questionnaires
Public meeting with residents
Mediation services data
VAT: Vulnerability Assessment tool

Perceptions of 'the other'

Disaggregated:

Children
Gender
Stereotyping: race, gender, migrant status, sex workers

Data Sources

Open polls and questionnaires

Tools and Resources

Access to services (not just use of services) Security perception disaggregated by Day/ Night difference and by locality.

Perception of insecurity is linked to Perception of one’s own vulnerability (ability to prevent victimisation). This can be linked to age or gender but does not have to be.

Population density. Some studies show that inhabitants of more densely populated municipalities give lower values of security levels than those living in less populated urban areas or rural areas. This can be linked to higher levels of interpersonal knowledge and informal social control.

Physical aspects of a public space: visibility, presence of escape routes, construction of urban spaces according to CPTED standards. In contrast, perceived external disorder can negatively impact perceptions of security.

May also be certain respondents who feel more comfortable engaging with city authorities and responding to surveys, impacting research outputs.

Luxury: Rotterdam Quickscan (Rotterdam has a population of 650 000).

Measured in the Mechelen City Monitor. Could be measured via public opinion poll but is beyond the control and influence of local authority, thus maybe irrelevant.

Measurable via public opinion poll, victimisation survey or local safety audit Gives information on whether services fit needs.

Need for quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Questions asked in a survey in the German City of Mannheim to measure this:

How likely do you think that in the next 12 months you will be a victim of….

Have you been personally victimized in the past 12 months in one of the following cases…?

To what extent do concerns for your personal safety limit your activities?

Do you limit the activities of others for the same reasons?

Do those concerns affect your emotional or physical health?

Survey of local agents used by the French urban security forum for local security diagnostics.

Security Monitor in Belgium: the Belgian Security Monitor is a standardized telephone survey carried out among the population in Belgium. This method is inspired by the “Moniteur depolice » Dutch. It includes questions on neighborhood problems, feelings of insecurity, victimization and filing of complaints, contacts between citizens and the police, the effectiveness of police services as well as the personal characteristics of the participants.

Tonite Methodology: Through the methodology it adopted and the variety of methods it used, the ToNite project gained an in-depth understanding of the elements impacting the feeling of insecurity in the target area at night , as well as the definition and mapping of opportunities which will guide and inform future activities.

Public security survey carried out among seniors in Catalonia.

City of Rennes 2021: Citizen Survey on Security: How to respond to an outbreak of perceptions of insecurity? Enabling security practitioners to explore and better understand factors impacting citizens’ perceptions of insecurity.

Research Methods from the CCI Project

Online Hate Map to produce a survey of hate speech online in France (Institute for Strategic Dialogue)

City of Malmö: mapping online hate speech & violent extremism

Perceptions of vulnerability: Vary vastly according to gender in Germany with young women being the most insecure/vulnerable.

HAKUS – la méthode de Heidelberg pour les audits de sécurité urbaine.

Avoidance Mapping in NYC

The Behaviour Barometer: aims to render processes of radicalisation leading to violence easier to understand and to increase the capacity to identify early warning signs. The tool provides information on observable behaviours associated with violent radicalisation and seeks to help family members and friends of individuals affected by radicalisation to keep an eye out for relevant signs.

"Focus école" à Bruxelles

Measured in the Mechelen City Monitor A 2016 poll in Cologne asked respondents to rate “poor people moving into the neighbourhood” as a subjective security problem low to high.

Ethnographic and social research on local perception of urban security at night-time.

Standardised telephone survey which provides an overview of the real figures of crime and victimisation.

Public security survey in Catalonia

Survey on Perceptions of Insecurity: City of Rennes

Measuring and mitigating citizens feelings of insecurity

Avoidance Mapping in NYC

Local perceptions of urban security at night-time

Monitor on Feelings of Safety: Germany

Integrity in the Criminal Justice System tools and publications

Measuring Community Sentiment, Perceptions of Safety and Law Enforcement Performance

Vigilantism Case Studies

Police legitimacy and approval of vigilante violence

Justice

Justice in this context means fair remedial action for infringement of the law, particularly between community members and groupings

Measures and Data sources

Reporting rates

Data Sources

Judicial observatory reports

Attrition rates

Data Sources

Judicial observatory reports

Conviction rates

Data Sources

Judicial observatory reports

Accessibility of justice services

Data Sources

Surveys of access to financial legal aid, to information on laws and legal procedures and legal and administrative literacy and capability.

Restorative justice

Data Sources

Restorative City plan
A ‘Restorative Hub’ – with trained staff

Reporting of crimes

Accurate case capturing
Police accessible
Feedback
Rights known

Data Sources

Safety Audit reports

Informal justice systems

Data Sources

Existence of preventive and collaborative structures

Petty crime

Proportional criminal justice responses
Number of over-all arrests of vulnerable people for petty crime
Consistent policing of petty crimes
Reduction in illegal waste
Reduction in congestion
Publication of by-laws

Data Sources

Reports of calls to order pronounced (Franco-French example)
Survey carried out on the feeling of insecurity among local actors
Reports from mediation services (e.g. neighbourhood conflicts)

Correctional services

Human rights violations
Human rights protections
Rehabilitation and other interventions for perpetrators
Occupancy rates of prisons
Proportion of unsentenced prisoners
Pre-trial detention

Data Sources

Reports of International organisations (Amnesty International; OHCHR..) that mentions:

Number of legal actions taken for violation of rights
Number of judgement reviews granted, number of calls granted.

Criminal justice referrals

Victim support
Marginalised and vulnerable groups
Mental wellness

Data Sources

Lists of initiatives at the local or national level that give support to victims and marginalised groups.

Respect for the rule of law

Corruption in criminal justice system

Data Sources

Reports of transparency of the criminal justice systems (International organisations), articles.

Tools and Resources

An indicator on social demands of public punishment (thus important to understand the law and order policy of different countries).

Dynamic database of European judicial systems

Restorative Justice

BRNO Safety Audit

The Danish Info-Houses: The Danish Centre for Prevention of Extremism implemented 12 local Info-Houses in Denmark. These preventive and collaborative structures gather the police, municipalities and other institutions such as the regional psychiatry service and the prison and probation service. They are responsible for assessing concerns regarding individuals who may be at risk, as well as for collecting and sharing information on the challenges and trends in the local context.

Activities which criminalise identity, poverty or vulnerability.

Understanding the status of informal and formal economies, practices, identities.

By-laws accommodate diverse and competing needs.

Number of legal actions taken for violation of rights.

Number of judgement reviews granted.

Number of calls granted.

Handbook on Restorative Justice

Rule of Law and Justice Global Index

Justice for Children

Evaluation methods of Justice Innovations

Measuring the Justice Gap

Framework for Measuring Access to Justice Including Specific Challenges Facing Women

Justice hub: Open Society Foundation

Database of European Judicial Systems